What Greek Characters Are Confused Ain Literature and Art

Written work of art

The Tale of Genji, Beowulf, Epic of Gilgamesh, Pāli Catechism, The Grapes of Wrath, Things Fall Apart, War and Peace, One One thousand and One Nights, Cien Años de Soledad, Dresden Codex, Xiping Rock Classics

Literature broadly is whatever drove of written work, but information technology is besides used more than narrowly for writings specifically considered to exist an art form, specially prose fiction, drama, and poetry.^[1] In recent centuries, the definition has expanded to include oral literature, much of which has been transcribed.^[ii] Literature is a method of recording, preserving, and transmitting knowledge and entertainment, and can also take a social, psychological, spiritual, or political role.

Literature, as an art form, can likewise include works in various not-fiction genres, such as biography, diaries, memoir, letters, and the essay. Within its broad definition, literature includes non-fictional books, articles or other printed information on a particular subject field.^{[3] [four]}

Etymologically, the term derives from Latin literatura/litteratura "learning, a writing, grammar," originally "writing formed with letters," from litera/littera "letter".^[5] In spite of this, the term has also been applied to spoken or sung texts.^{[six] [7]} Developments in print technology have allowed an ever-growing distribution and proliferation of written works, which now includes electronic literature.

Literature is classified according to whether it is verse, prose or drama, and such works are categorized according to historical periods, or their adherence to sure aesthetic features, or genre.

Definitions [edit]

Definitions of literature have varied over fourth dimension.^[eight] In Western Europe, prior to the 18th century, literature denoted all books and writing literature can be seen as returning to older, more than inclusive notions, so that cultural studies, for instance, include, in improver to canonical works, popular and minority genres. The discussion is also used in reference non-written works: to "oral literature" and "the literature of preliterate culture".

A value judgment definition of literature considers it as consisting solely of loftier quality writing that forms function of the belles-lettres ("fine writing") tradition.^[9] An case of this in the (1910–xi) Encyclopædia Britannica that classified literature as "the best expression of the best thought reduced to writing".^[10]

History [edit]

Oral literature [edit]

The use of the term "literature" hither is a little problematic because of its origins in the Latin littera, "letter," essentially writing. Alternatives such as "oral forms" and "oral genres" accept been suggested simply the word literature is widely used.^[eleven]

Oral literature is an ancient homo tradition establish in "all corners of the world".^[12] Modern archaeology has been unveiling evidence of the human being efforts to preserve and transmit arts and knowledge that depended completely or partially on an oral tradition, across various cultures:

The Judeo-Christian Bible reveals its oral traditional roots; medieval European manuscripts are penned by performing scribes; geometric vases from archaic Greece mirror Homer's oral style. (...) Indeed, if these concluding decades of the millennium have taught united states anything, it must be that oral tradition never was the other we accused it of being; it never was the primitive, preliminary technology of communication nosotros idea information technology to exist. Rather, if the whole truth is told, oral tradition stands out as the single nigh dominant communicative engineering science of our species as both a historical fact and, in many areas nevertheless, a contemporary reality.^[12]

The primeval poetry is believed to accept been recited or sung, employed as a way of remembering history, genealogy, and constabulary.^[thirteen]

In Asia, the transmission of folklore, mythologies likewise equally scriptures in aboriginal India, in unlike Indian religions, was by oral tradition, preserved with precision with the help of elaborate mnemonic techniques.^[14]

The early Buddhist texts are also generally believed to be of oral tradition, with the first by comparing inconsistencies in the transmitted versions of literature from various oral societies such as the Greek, Serbia and other cultures, then noting that the Vedic literature is likewise consistent and vast to take been equanimous and transmitted orally beyond generations, without being written downward.^{[ citation needed ]} Co-ordinate to Goody, the Vedic texts likely involved both a written and oral tradition, calling it a "parallel products of a literate social club".^{[ citation needed ]}

Australian Ancient civilization has thrived on oral traditions and oral histories passed downwards through thousands of years. In a study published in February 2020, new show showed that both Budj Bim and Tower Loma volcanoes erupted between 34,000 and 40,000 years agone.^[xv] Significantly, this is a "minimum age constraint for human presence in Victoria", and also could exist interpreted equally bear witness for the oral histories of the Gunditjmara people, an Aboriginal Australian people of s-western Victoria, which tell of volcanic eruptions being some of the oldest oral traditions in existence.^[xvi] An axe plant underneath volcanic ash in 1947 had already proven that humans inhabited the region earlier the eruption of Tower Hill.^[15]

All ancient Greek literature was to some degree oral in nature, and the earliest literature was completely so.^[17] Homer'southward epic poetry, states Michael Gagarin, was largely equanimous, performed and transmitted orally.^[18] As folklores and legends were performed in front of distant audiences, the singers would substitute the names in the stories with local characters or rulers to give the stories a local flavor and thus connect with the audience, only making the historicity embedded in the oral tradition equally unreliable.^[19] The lack of surviving texts most the Greek and Roman religious traditions take led scholars to presume that these were ritualistic and transmitted as oral traditions, merely some scholars disagree that the complex rituals in the ancient Greek and Roman civilizations were an exclusive production of an oral tradition.^[20]

Writing systems are not known to have existed amid Native North Americans before contact with Europeans. Oral storytelling traditions flourished in a context without the use of writing to record and preserve history, scientific noesis, and social practices.^[21] While some stories were told for amusement and leisure, most functioned as practical lessons from tribal experience applied to firsthand moral, social, psychological, and ecology bug.^[22] Stories fuse fictional, supernatural, or otherwise exaggerated characters and circumstances with existent emotions and morals as a means of teaching. Plots often reverberate real life situations and may be aimed at item people known by the story's audition. In this way, social force per unit area could exist exerted without directly causing embarrassment or social exclusion.^[23] For instance, rather than yelling, Inuit parents might deter their children from wandering too close to the water's edge by telling a story about a sea monster with a pouch for children within its reach.^[24]

Run across also African literature#Oral literature

Oratory [edit]

Oratory or the art of public speaking "was for long considered a literary art".^[3] From Ancient Hellenic republic to the belatedly 19th century, rhetoric played a fundamental role in Western education in training orators, lawyers, counsellors, historians, statesmen, and poets.^{[25] [note 1]}

Writing [edit]

Around the quaternary millennium BC, the complication of trade and administration in Mesopotamia outgrew human retentiveness, and writing became a more dependable method of recording and presenting transactions in a permanent form.^[27] Though in both ancient Egypt and Mesoamerica, writing may have already emerged because of the need to record historical and environmental events. Subsequent innovations included more than uniform, predictable, legal systems, sacred texts, and the origins of modern practices of scientific inquiry and knowledge-consolidation, all largely reliant on portable and hands reproducible forms of writing.

Early on written literature [edit]

Ancient Egyptian literature,^[28] along with Sumerian literature, are considered the world's oldest literatures.^[29] The primary genres of the literature of aboriginal Arab republic of egypt—didactic texts, hymns and prayers, and tales—were written almost entirely in verse;^[xxx] By the Old Kingdom (26th century BC to 22nd century BC), literary works included funerary texts, epistles and letters, hymns and poems, and commemorative autobiographical texts recounting the careers of prominent administrative officials. It was not until the early Middle Kingdom (21st century BC to 17th century BC) that a narrative Egyptian literature was created.^[31]

Many works of early periods, even in narrative form, had a covert moral or didactic purpose, such as the Sanskrit Panchatantra.200 BC – 300 AD, based on older oral tradition.^{[32] [33]} Drama and satire also adult every bit urban culture provided a larger public audience, and later readership, for literary production. Lyric poesy (as opposed to epic verse) was often the speciality of courts and aristocratic circles, particularly in East Asia where songs were nerveless past the Chinese aristocracy as poems, the most notable being the Shijing or Book of Songs (1046–c.600 BC), .^{[34] [35] [36]}

In ancient People's republic of china, early on literature was primarily focused on philosophy, historiography, military machine science, agriculture, and verse. Communist china, the origin of modern paper making and woodblock press, produced the earth'south first print cultures.^[37] Much of Chinese literature originates with the Hundred Schools of Thought menses that occurred during the Eastern Zhou Dynasty (769‒269 BC).^[38] The about of import of these include the Classics of Confucianism, of Daoism, of Mohism, of Legalism, likewise as works of armed services science (e.g. Sun Tzu's The Art of State of war, c.5th century BC)) and Chinese history (due east.one thousand. Sima Qian's Records of the Grand Historian, c.94 BC). Ancient Chinese literature had a heavy emphasis on historiography, with often very detailed court records. An exemplary piece of narrative history of aboriginal Red china was the Zuo Zhuan, which was compiled no subsequently than 389 BC, and attributed to the blind 5th-century BC historian Zuo Qiuming.^[39]

In ancient India, literature originated from stories that were originally orally transmitted. Early genres included drama, fables, sutras and epic poetry. Sanskrit literature begins with the Vedas, dating back to 1500–yard BC, and continues with the Sanskrit Epics of Fe Age India.^{[40] [41]} The Vedas are among the oldest sacred texts. The Samhitas (vedic collections) date to roughly 1500–1000 BC, and the "circum-Vedic" texts, as well equally the redaction of the Samhitas, engagement to c. grand‒500 BC, resulting in a Vedic period, spanning the mid-2nd to mid 1st millennium BC, or the Late Statuary Historic period and the Iron Age.^[42] The flow between approximately the sixth to 1st centuries BC saw the composition and redaction of the two most influential Indian epics, the Mahabharata ^{[43] [44]} and the Ramayana,^[45] with subsequent redaction progressing down to the fourth century Advertisement. Other major literary works are Ramcharitmanas^[46] & Krishnacharitmanas.

The earliest known Greek writings are Mycenaean (c.1600–1100 BC), written in the Linear B syllabary on clay tablets. These documents comprise prosaic records largely concerned with trade (lists, inventories, receipts, etc.); no existent literature has been discovered.^{[47] [48]} Michael Ventris and John Chadwick, the original decipherers of Linear B, state that literature about certainly existed in Mycenaean Hellenic republic,^[48] simply information technology was either non written down or, if information technology was, information technology was on parchment or wooden tablets, which did non survive the destruction of the Mycenaean palaces in the twelfth century BC.^[48] Homer's, epic poems the Iliad and the Odyssey, are central works of ancient Greek literature. It is mostly accepted that the poems were composed at some point around the belatedly eighth or early seventh century BC.^[49] Modern scholars consider these accounts legendary.^{[50] [51] [52]} Most researchers believe that the poems were originally transmitted orally.^[53] From antiquity until the present mean solar day, the influence of Homeric epic on Western civilisation has been great, inspiring many of its most famous works of literature, music, art and picture.^[54] The Homeric epics were the greatest influence on ancient Greek culture and educational activity; to Plato, Homer was just the i who "has taught Greece" – ten Hellada pepaideuken.^{[55] [56]} Hesiod's Works and Days (c.700 BC) and Theogony, are some of the earliest, and about influential, of ancient Greek literature. Classical Greek genres included philosophy, poetry, historiography, comedies and dramas. Plato (428/427 or 424/423 – 348/347 BC) and Aristotle (384–322 BC) authored philosophical texts that are the foundation of Western philosophy, Sappho (c. 630 – c. 570 BC) and Pindar were influential lyric poets, and Herodotus (c. 484 – c. 425 BC) ) and Thucydides were early on Greek historians. Although drama was popular in ancient Hellenic republic, of the hundreds of tragedies written and performed during the classical age, but a limited number of plays by three authors still exist: Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides. The plays of Aristophanes (c. 446 – c. 386 BC) provide the but existent examples of a genre of comic drama known as Onetime Comedy, the earliest form of Greek Comedy, and are in fact used to define the genre.^[57]

The Hebrew religious text, the Torah, is widely seen as a product of the Persian flow (539–333 BC, probably 450–350 BC).^[58] This consensus echoes a traditional Jewish view which gives Ezra, the leader of the Jewish community on its return from Babylon, a pivotal part in its promulgation.^[59] This represents a major source of Christianity's Bible, which has been a major influence on Western literature.^[60]

The beginning of Roman literature dates to 240 BC, when a Roman audition saw a Latin version of a Greek play.^[61] Literature in latin would flourish for the next vi centuries, and includes essays, histories, poems, plays, and other writings.

The Qur'an (610 AD to 632 AD)^[62] ), the primary holy book of Islam, had a significant influence on the Arab linguistic communication, and marked the beginning of Islamic literature. Muslims believe it was transcribed in the Arabic dialect of the Quraysh, the tribe of Muhammad.^{[23] [63]} As Islam spread, the Quran had the consequence of unifying and standardizing Arabic.^[23]

Theological works in Latin were the dominant form of literature in Europe typically found in libraries during the Middle Ages. Western Vernacular literature includes the Poetic Edda and the sagas, or heroic epics, of Republic of iceland, the Anglo-Saxon Beowulf, and the German Song of Hildebrandt. A afterward class of medieval fiction was the romance, an adventurous and sometimes magical narrative with strong popular entreatment.^[64]

Controversial, religious, political and instructional literature proliferated during the European Renaissance as a result of the Johannes Gutenberg's invention of the printing press^[65] around 1440, while the Medieval romance adult into the novel,^[66]

Publishing [edit]

Publishing became possible with the invention of writing, but became more practical with the invention of printing. Prior to printing, distributed works were copied manually, by scribes.

The Chinese inventor Bi Sheng made movable type of earthenware c. 1045. And so c.1450, separately Johannes Gutenberg invented movable type in Europe. This invention gradually made books less expensive to produce and more widely available.

Early printed books, unmarried sheets and images which were created before 1501 in Europe are known equally incunables or incunabula. "A man born in 1453, the year of the fall of Constantinople, could look back from his fiftieth year on a lifetime in which about eight million books had been printed, more perhaps than all the scribes of Europe had produced since Constantine founded his city in A.D. 330."^[67]

Eventually, press enabled other forms of publishing too books. The history of modern newspaper publishing started in Germany in 1609, with publishing of magazines following in 1663.

University subject area [edit]

In England [edit]

In England in the late 1820s, growing political and social sensation, "especially among the utilitarians and Benthamites, promoted the possibility of including courses in English language literary study in the newly formed London University". This further developed into the thought of the study of literature beingness "the ideal carrier for the propagation of the humanist cultural myth of a welleducated, culturally harmonious nation".^[68]

America [edit]

American Literature (academic discipline)

Women and literature [edit]

The widespread education of women was not mutual until the nineteenth century, and considering of this literature until recently was by and large male dominated.^[69]

George Sand was an idea. She has a unique place in our age.
Others are great men ... she was a slap-up woman.

Victor Hugo, Les funérailles de George Sand ^[70]

There are few women poets writing in English, whose names are remembered, until the twentieth century. In the nineteenth century some names that stand out are Emily Brontë, Elizabeth Barrett Browning, and Emily Dickinson (see American poetry). But while generally women are absent from the European cannon of Romantic literature, there is one notable exception, the French novelist and memoirist Amantine Dupin (1804 – 1876) best known past her pen name George Sand.^{[71] [72]} 1 of the more than popular writers in Europe in her lifetime,^[73] being more renowned than both Victor Hugo and Honoré de Balzac in England in the 1830s and 1840s,^[74] Sand is recognised equally one of the most notable writers of the European Romantic era. Jane Austen (1775 – 1817) is the first major English woman novelist, while Aphra Behn is an early female person dramatist.

Nobel Prizes in Literature have been awarded between 1901 and 2022 to 117 individuals: 101 men and 16 women. Selma Lagerlöf (1858 – 1940) was the first woman to win the Nobel Prize in Literature, which she was awarded in 1909. Additionally, she was the first woman to be granted a membership in The Swedish Academy in 1914.^[75]

Feminist scholars have since the twentieth century sought expand the literary canon to include more women writers.

Children'due south literature [edit]

A separate genre of children's literature only began to emerge in the eighteenth century, with the development of the concept of childhood.^{[76] : x–xi} The earliest of these books were educational books, books on comport, and uncomplicated ABCs—often decorated with animals, plants, and anthropomorphic letters.^[77]

Aesthetics [edit]

Literary theory [edit]

A primal question of literary theory is "what is literature?" – although many contemporary theorists and literary scholars believe either that "literature" cannot exist divers or that information technology can refer to any use of language.^[78]

Literary fiction [edit]

Literary fiction is a term used to draw fiction that explores any facet of the human condition, and may involve social commentary. It is often regarded as having more than artistic merit than genre fiction, peculiarly the most commercially oriented types, simply this has been contested in recent years, with the serious report of genre fiction within universities.^[79]

The post-obit, by the award-winning British author William Boyd on the short story, might be applied to all prose fiction:

[short stories] seem to answer something very deep in our nature equally if, for the duration of its telling, something special has been created, some essence of our feel extrapolated, some temporary sense has been made of our common, turbulent journey towards the grave and oblivion.^[80]

The very best in literature is annually recognized by the Nobel Prize in Literature, which is awarded to an author from any state who has, in the words of the volition of Swedish industrialist Alfred Nobel, produced "in the field of literature the most outstanding work in an ideal direction" (original Swedish: den som inom litteraturen har producerat det mest framstående verket i en idealisk riktning).^{[81] [82]}

The value of imaginative literature [edit]

Some researchers suggest that literary fiction can play a role in an private'southward psychological development.^[83] Psychologists have besides been using literature every bit a therapeutic tool.^{[84] [85]} Psychologist Hogan argues for the value of the fourth dimension and emotion that a person devotes to understanding a character's situation in literature;^[86] that it can unite a large community by provoking universal emotions, as well as allowing readers access to dissimilar cultures, and new emotional experiences.^[87] One written report, for case, suggested that the presence of familiar cultural values in literary texts played an of import touch on the functioning of minority students.^[88]

Psychologist Maslow'due south ideas assistance literary critics understand how characters in literature reflect their personal culture and the history.^[89] The theory suggests that literature helps an individual's struggle for self-fulfilment.^{[ninety] [91]}

The influence of religious texts [edit]

This section needs expansion. Y'all can help past adding to it. (November 2020)

Religion has had a major influence on literature, through works like the Vedas, the Torah, the Bible,^[92] and the Qur'an.^{[93] [94] [95]}

The King James Version of the Bible has been chosen "the most influential version of the nearly influential book in the world, in what is at present its most influential language", "the near important book in English language organized religion and culture", and "the most historic book in the English-speaking world"^{[ citation needed ]} - principally because of its literary mode and widespread distribution. Prominent atheist figures such equally the late Christopher Hitchens and Richard Dawkins have praised the King James Version as being "a giant footstep in the maturing of English language literature" and "a great work of literature", respectively, with Dawkins then calculation, "A native speaker of English who has never read a discussion of the Rex James Bible is verging on the barbarian".^{[96] [97]}

Societies in which preaching has cracking importance, and those in which religious structures and regime accept a near-monopoly of reading and writing and/or a censorship role, may impart a religious gloss to much of the literature those societies produce or retain - as for example in the European Eye Ages. The traditions of close written report of religious texts has furthered the development of techniques and theories in literary studies.

Types of literature [edit]

Verse [edit]

Verse has traditionally been distinguished from prose by its greater utilize of the artful qualities of language, including musical devices such as assonance, ingemination, rhyme, and rhythm, and by being fix in lines and verses rather than paragraphs, and more than recently its use of other typographical elements.^{[98] [99] [100]} This distinction is complicated by diverse hybrid forms such every bit audio poesy, concrete verse and prose poem,^[101] and more generally by the fact that prose possesses rhythm.^[102] Abram Lipsky refers to it as an "open surreptitious" that "prose is not distinguished from poetry past lack of rhythm".^[103]

Prior to the 19th century, poetry was commonly understood to be something set in metrical lines: "any kind of subject area consisting of Rhythm or Verses".^[98] Possibly as a result of Aristotle's influence (his Poetics), "verse" before the 19th century was usually less a technical designation for verse than a normative category of fictive or rhetorical art.^{[ clarification needed ] [104]} As a course information technology may pre-date literacy, with the primeval works being equanimous within and sustained by an oral tradition;^{[105] [106]} hence it constitutes the primeval example of literature.

Prose [edit]

As noted to a higher place, prose generally makes far less use of the artful qualities of language than poetry.^{[99] [100] [107]} All the same, developments in modern literature, including costless verse and prose poetry have tended to blur the differences, and American poet T.S. Eliot suggested that while: "the distinction between poetry and prose is clear, the distinction betwixt poetry and prose is obscure".^[108] At that place are verse novels, a type of narrative poetry in which a novel-length narrative is told through the medium of verse rather than prose. Eugene Onegin (1831) by Alexander Pushkin is the most famous example.^[109]

On the historical development of prose, Richard Graff notes that "[In the case of aboriginal Greece] recent scholarship has emphasized the fact that formal prose was a comparatively late development, an "invention" properly associated with the classical period".^[110]

Latin was a major influence on the development of prose in many European countries. Especially important was the great Roman orator Cicero.^[111] It was the lingua franca among literate Europeans until quite recent times, and the bully works of Descartes (1596 – 1650), Francis Bacon (1561 – 1626), and Baruch Spinoza (1632 – 1677) were published in Latin. Among the last important books written primarily in Latin prose were the works of Swedenborg (d. 1772), Linnaeus (d. 1778), Euler (d. 1783), Gauss (d. 1855), and Isaac Newton (d. 1727).

Novel [edit]

Sculpture in Berlin depicting a stack of books on which are inscribed the names of bang-up German language writers.

A novel is a long fictional prose narrative. In English, the term emerged from the Romance languages in the belatedly 15th century, with the meaning of "news"; it came to signal something new, without a distinction between fact or fiction.^[112] The romance is a closely related long prose narrative. Walter Scott divers it every bit "a fictitious narrative in prose or verse; the interest of which turns upon marvellous and uncommon incidents", whereas in the novel "the events are accommodated to the ordinary train of human events and the modern state of society".^[113] Other European languages do not distinguish between romance and novel: "a novel is le roman, der Roman, il romanzo",^[114] indicates the proximity of the forms.^[115]

Although in that location are many historical prototypes, so-called "novels before the novel",^[116] the modern novel form emerges tardily in cultural history—roughly during the eighteenth century.^[117] Initially subject to much criticism, the novel has acquired a dominant position amongst literary forms, both popularly and critically.^{[115] [118] [119]}

Novella [edit]

The publisher Melville House classifies the novella every bit "too short to exist a novel, also long to be a brusk story".^[120] Publishers and literary award societies typically consider a novella to exist between 17,000 and 40,000 words.^[121]

Short story [edit]

A dilemma in defining the "brusk story" every bit a literary form is how to, or whether one should, distinguish it from any short narrative and its contested origin,^[122] that include the Bible, and Edgar Allan Poe.^[123]

Graphic novel [edit]

Graphic novels and comic books present stories told in a combination of artwork, dialogue, and text.

Electronic literature [edit]

Electronic literature is a literary genre consisting of digital works

Nonfiction [edit]

Mutual literary examples of nonfiction include, the essay; travel literature and nature writing; biography, autobiography and memoir; journalism; letters; journals; history, philosophy, economics; scientific, and technical writings.^{[4] [124]}

Nonfiction can fall within the broad category of literature as "any collection of written work", only some works fall within the narrower definition "by virtue of the excellence of their writing, their originality and their general aesthetic and artistic claim".^[125]

Drama [edit]

Drama is literature intended for functioning.^[126] The form is combined with music and dance in opera and musical theatre (see libretto). A play is a written dramatic work by a playwright that is intended for performance in a theatre; it comprises chiefly dialogue between characters. A cupboard drama, by dissimilarity, is written to be read rather than to be performed; the meaning of which can exist realized fully on the page.^[127] Nigh all drama took verse class until comparatively recently.

The primeval form of which at that place exists substantial knowledge is Greek drama. This developed as a performance associated with religious and civic festivals, typically enacting or developing upon well-known historical, or mythological themes,

In the twentieth century scripts written for non-stage media accept been added to this grade, including radio, tv and film.

Constabulary [edit]

Law and literature [edit]

The law and literature motility focuses on the interdisciplinary connection between law and literature.

Copyright [edit]

Copyright is a type of intellectual property that gives its owner the sectional right to make copies of a creative work, usually for a limited time.^{[128] [129] [130] [131] [132]} The creative work may exist in a literary, creative, educational, or musical form. Copyright is intended to protect the original expression of an idea in the form of a artistic piece of work, but not the thought itself.^{[133] [134] [135]}

United Kingdom [edit]

Literary works have been protected by copyright law from unauthorized reproduction since at least 1710.^[136] Literary works are defined by copyright constabulary to mean "whatsoever work, other than a dramatic or musical work, which is written, spoken or sung, and appropriately includes (a) a tabular array or compilation (other than a database), (b) a computer program, (c) preparatory blueprint textile for a computer program, and (d) a database."^[137]

Literary works are all works of literature; that is all works expressed in print or writing (other than dramatic or musical works).^[138]

Usa [edit]

The copyright law of the Usa has a long and complicated history, dating back to colonial times. It was established every bit federal police force with the Copyright Deed of 1790. This act was updated many times, including a major revision in 1976.

Eu [edit]

The copyright law of the European Union is the copyright law applicative within the Eu. Copyright law is largely harmonized in the Spousal relationship, although country to country differences exist. The body of law was implemented in the Eu through a number of directives, which the member states need to enact into their national constabulary. The primary copyright directives are the Copyright Term Directive, the Information Guild Directive and the Directive on Copyright in the Digital Single Marketplace. Copyright in the Union is furthermore dependent on international conventions to which the Eu is a member (such every bit the TRIPS Understanding and conventions to which all Member States are parties (such every bit the Berne Convention)).

Copyright in communist countries [edit]

Copyright in Japan [edit]

Nihon was a political party to the original Berne convention in 1899, so its copyright law is in sync with almost international regulations. The convention protected copyrighted works for 50 years after the author'south death (or 50 years after publication for unknown authors and corporations). However, in 2004 Japan extended the copyright term to 70 years for cinematographic works. At the end of 2018, as a result of the Trans-Pacific Partnership negotiations, the lxx year term was applied to all works.^[139] This new term is non applied retroactively; works that had entered the public domain between 1999 and 2022 by expiration would remain in the public domain.

Censorship [edit]

Is a means employed by states, religious organizations, educational institutions, etc, to control what can exist portrayed, spoken, performed, or written.^[140] Generally such bodies attempt to ban works for political reasons, or because they deal with other controversial matters such as race, or sex.^[141]

A notorious example of censorship is James Joyce's novel Ulysses, which has been described by Russian-American novelist Vladimir Nabokov as a "divine work of art" and the greatest masterpiece of 20th century prose.^[142] It was banned in the United States from 1921 until 1933 on the grounds of obscenity. Nowadays information technology is a fundamental literary text in English literature courses, throughout the earth.^[143]

Awards [edit]

There are numerous awards recognizing achievement and contribution in literature. Given the diversity of the field, awards are typically express in telescopic, commonly on: form, genre, language, nationality and output (e.thou. for starting time-time writers or debut novels).^[144]

The Nobel Prize in Literature was one of the six Nobel Prizes established past the volition of Alfred Nobel in 1895,^[145] and is awarded to an author on the ground of their torso of work, rather than to, or for, a item work itself.^{[note two]} Other literary prizes for which all nationalities are eligible include: the Neustadt International Prize for Literature, the Human being Booker International Prize, Pulitzer Prize, Hugo Award, Guardian First Book Award and the Franz Kafka Prize.

See likewise [edit]

• Library
• Literary agent
• Literary element
• Literary magazine
• Reading
• Rhetorical modes
• Scientific discipline fiction § As serious literature
• Vernacular literature

Notes [edit]

1. ^ The definition of rhetoric is a controversial subject within the field and has given rise to philological battles over its meaning in Ancient Greece.^[26]
2. ^ However, in some instances a work has been cited in the caption of why the honor was given.

References [edit]

1. ^ "Literature: definition". Oxford Learner's Dictionaries.
2. ^ "Oral literature". Encyclopaedia Britannica. ; see also Homer.
3. ^ ^{a b} "literature | Definition, Characteristics, Genres, Types, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica.
4. ^ ^{a b} OED
5. ^ "literature (northward.)". Online Etymology Lexicon. Retrieved 9 February 2014.
6. ^ Meyer, Jim (1997). "What is Literature? A Definition Based on Prototypes". Work Papers of the Summer Plant of Linguistics and University of North Dakota Session. 41 (1). Retrieved 11 Feb 2014. ^{[ dead link ]}
7. ^ Finnegan, Ruth (1974). "How Oral Is Oral Literature?". Message of the Schoolhouse of Oriental and African Studies. 37 (1): 52–64. doi:x.1017/s0041977x00094842. JSTOR 614104. S2CID 190730645. (subscription required)
8. ^ Leitch et al., The Norton Album of Theory and Criticism, 28
9. ^ Eagleton 2008, p. 9.
10. ^ Biswas, Critique of Poetics, 538
11. ^ "Oral literature". Encyclopedia Britannica.
12. ^ ^{a b} John Miles Foley. "What's in a Sign" (1999). East. Anne MacKay (ed.). Signs of Orality. BRILL Academic. pp. one–2. ISBN978-9004112735.
13. ^ Francis, Norbert (2017). Bilingual and multicultural perspectives on poetry, music and narrative: The science of art. Lanham Md: Rowman and Littlefield.
14. ^ Donald S. Lopez Jr. (1995). "Authority and Orality in the Mahāyāna" (PDF). Numen. Brill Bookish. 42 (1): 21–47. doi:10.1163/1568527952598800. hdl:2027.42/43799. JSTOR 3270278.
15. ^ ^{a b} Johnson, Sian (26 February 2020). "Study dates Victorian volcano that buried a human-made axe". ABC News . Retrieved 9 March 2020.
16. ^ Matchan, Erin L.; Phillips, David; Jourdan, Fred; Oostingh, Korien (2020). "Early on human occupation of southeastern Australia: New insights from 40Ar/39Ar dating of young volcanoes". Geology. 48 (4): 390–394. Bibcode:2020Geo....48..390M. doi:10.1130/G47166.1. ISSN 0091-7613. S2CID 214357121.
17. ^ Reece, Steve. "Orality and Literacy: Ancient Greek Literature equally Oral Literature," in David Schenker and Martin Hose (eds.), Companion to Greek Literature (Oxford: Blackwell, 2015) 43-57. Ancient_Greek_Literature_as_Oral_Literature
18. ^ Michael Gagarin (1999). E. Anne MacKay (ed.). Signs of Orality. BRILL Academic. pp. 163–164. ISBN978-9004112735.
19. ^ Wolfgang Kullmann (1999). Due east. Anne MacKay (ed.). Signs of Orality. BRILL Academic. pp. 108–109. ISBN978-9004112735.
20. ^ John Scheid (2006). Clifford Ando and Jörg Rüpke (ed.). Organized religion and Law in Classical and Christian Rome. Franz Steiner Verlag. pp. 17–28. ISBN978-3-515-08854-1.
21. ^ Kroeber, Karl, ed. (2004). Native American Storytelling: A Reader of Myths and Legends . Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing. pp. 1. ISBN978-1-4051-1541-4.
22. ^ Kroeber, Karl, ed. (2004). Native American Storytelling: A Reader of Myths and Legends . Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing. pp. 3. ISBN978-1-4051-1541-iv.
23. ^ ^{a b c} Kroeber, Karl, ed. (2004). Native American Storytelling: A Reader of Myths and Legends . Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing. pp. two. ISBN978-i-4051-1541-4.
24. ^ Doucleff, Michaeleen; Greenhalgh, Jane (xiii March 2019). "How Inuit Parents Teach Kids To Control Their Anger". NPR . Retrieved 29 April 2019.
25. ^ See, e.g., Thomas Conley, Rhetoric in the European Tradition (University of Chicago, 1991).
26. ^ See, for case Parlor, Burkean; Johnstone, Henry Westward. (1996). "On schiappa versus poulakos". Rhetoric Review. 14 (2): 438–440. doi:10.1080/07350199609389075.
27. ^ Green, Thou.Westward. (1981). "The Structure and Implementation of the Cuneiform Writing System". Visible Language. 15 (4): 345–372.
28. ^ Foster 2001, p. xix.
29. ^ Blackness et al. The Literature of Ancient Sumer, xix
30. ^ Foster 2001, p. 7.
31. ^ Lichtheim, Miriam (1975). Aboriginal Egyptian Literature, vol 1. London, England: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-02899-half dozen.
32. ^ Jacobs 1888 harvnb fault: no target: CITEREFJacobs1888 (help), Introduction, folio xv; Ryder 1925 harvnb mistake: no target: CITEREFRyder1925 (help), Translator'due south introduction, quoting Hertel: "the original work was composed in Kashmir, about 200 B.C. At this date, however, many of the individual stories were already ancient."
33. ^ Ryder 1925 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFRyder1925 (help) Translator's introduction: "The Panchatantra is a niti-shastra, or textbook of niti. The give-and-take niti ways roughly "the wise conduct of life." Western civilization must endure a certain shame in realizing that no precise equivalent of the term is found in English language, French, Latin, or Greek. Many words are therefore necessary to explicate what niti is, though the idea, once grasped, is articulate, important, and satisfying."
34. ^ Baxter (1992), p. 356. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFBaxter1992 (assistance)
35. ^ Allan (1991), p. 39. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFAllan1991 (help)
36. ^ Zheng Xuan 鄭玄 (AD 127–200), Shipu xu 詩譜序.
37. ^ A Hyatt Mayor, Prints and People, Metropolitan Museum of Art/Princeton, 1971, nos one–four. ISBN 0-691-00326-two
38. ^ "Chinese philosophy", Encyclopædia Britannica, online
39. ^ Lin, Liang-Hung; Ho, Yu-Ling (2009). "Confucian dynamism, civilisation and ethical changes in Chinese societies – a comparative study of Prc, Taiwan, and Hong Kong". The International Journal of Human being Resource Direction. twenty (11): 2402–2417. doi:10.1080/09585190903239757. ISSN 0958-5192. S2CID 153789769.
40. ^ encounter e.1000. Radhakrishnan & Moore 1957, p. 3 harvnb fault: no target: CITEREFRadhakrishnanMoore1957 (help); Witzel, Michael, "Vedas and Upaniṣads ", in: Flood 2003, p. 68 harvnb fault: no target: CITEREFFlood2003 (aid); MacDonell 2004, pp. 29–39 harvnb mistake: no target: CITEREFMacDonell2004 (aid); Sanskrit literature (2003) in Philip'south Encyclopedia. Accessed 2007-08-09
41. ^ Sanujit Ghose (2011). "Religious Developments in Ancient Bharat" in Ancient History Encyclopedia.
42. ^ Gavin Alluvion sums up mainstream estimates, according to which the Rigveda was compiled from equally early as 1500 BC over a period of several centuries. Inundation 1996, p. 37
43. ^ James One thousand. Lochtefeld (2002). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-Grand. The Rosen Publishing Group. p. 399. ISBN978-0-8239-3179-8.
44. ^ T. R. Southward. Sharma; June Gaur; Sahitya Akademi (New Delhi, Inde). (2000). Ancient Indian Literature: An Album. Sahitya Akademi. p. 137. ISBN978-81-260-0794-three.
45. ^ "Ramayana | Summary, Characters, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved 18 Feb 2020.
46. ^ Lutgendorf 1991, p. 1.
47. ^ Chadwick, John (1967). The Decipherment of Linear B (2d ed.). Cambridge, England: Cambridge Academy Press. p. 101. ISBN978-1-107-69176-6. "The glimpse we have suddenly been given of the account books of a long-forgotten people..."
48. ^ ^{a b c} Ventris, Michael; Chadwick, John (1956). Documents in Mycenaean Greek. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Printing. p. xxix. ISBN978-1-107-50341-0.
49. ^ Croally, Neil; Hyde, Roy (2011). Classical Literature: An Introduction. Routledge. p. 26. ISBN978-1136736629 . Retrieved 23 November 2016.
50. ^ Wilson, Nigel (2013). Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece. Routledge. p. 366. ISBN978-1136788000 . Retrieved 22 Nov 2016.
51. ^ Romilly, Jacqueline de (1985). A Short History of Greek Literature. Academy of Chicago Printing. p. 1. ISBN978-0226143125 . Retrieved 22 November 2016.
52. ^ Graziosi, Barbara (2002). Inventing Homer: The Early on Reception of Epic. Cambridge University Press. p. 15. ISBN978-0521809665 . Retrieved 22 November 2016.
53. ^ Ahl, Frederick; Roisman, Hanna (1996). The Odyssey Re-formed. Cornell University Press. ISBN978-0801483356 . Retrieved 23 November 2016.
54. ^ Latacz, Joachim (1996). Homer, His Art and His World. Academy of Michigan Press. ISBN978-0472083534 . Retrieved 22 November 2016.
55. ^ Besides, Yun Lee (2010). The Idea of the Library in the Ancient World. OUP Oxford. p. 86. ISBN978-0199577804 . Retrieved 22 November 2016.
56. ^ MacDonald, Dennis R. (1994). Christianizing Homer: The Odyssey, Plato, and the Acts of Andrew. Oxford Academy Press. p. 17. ISBN978-0195358629. Archived from the original on 30 June 2017. Retrieved 22 Nov 2016.
57. ^ Aristophanes: Butts K.J.Dover (ed), Oxford University Press 1970, Intro. p. ten.
58. ^ Frei 2001, p. half-dozen. sfn error: no target: CITEREFFrei2001 (help)
59. ^ Romer 2008, p. ii and fn.3. sfn error: no target: CITEREFRomer2008 (help)
60. ^ Riches, John (2000). The Bible: A Very Brusk Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Printing. p. 134. ISBN978-0-19-285343-1.
61. ^ Duckworth, George Eckel. The nature of Roman comedy: a study in popular amusement. Academy of Oklahoma Press, 1994. p. 3. Web. 15 October 2011.
62. ^ Donner, Fred (2010). Muhammad and the Believers: at the Origins of Islam . London, England: Harvard University Press. pp. 153–154. ISBN978-0-674-05097-6.
63. ^ "الوثائقية تفتح ملف "اللغة العربية"". الجزيرة الوثائقية (in Arabic). 8 September 2019. Retrieved 18 June 2020.
64. ^ "Western literature - Medieval literature". Encyclopedia Britannica.
65. ^ Elizabeth 50. Eisenstein, The Printing Printing as an Amanuensis of Change. Cambridge University Printing, 1980
66. ^ Margaret Anne Doody, The True Story of the Novel. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1996, rept. 1997, p. 1. Retrieved 21 October 2020.
67. ^ Clapham, Michael, "Press" in A History of Technology, Vol 2. From the Renaissance to the Industrial Revolution, edd. Charles Singer et al. (Oxford 1957), p. 377. Cited from Elizabeth L. Eisenstein, The Printing Press as an Agent of Alter (Cambridge University, 1980).
68. ^ "Court: Institutionalizing English Literature". oldsite.english.ucsb.edu.
69. ^ "Women and Literature". www.ibiblio.org.
70. ^ Sat Review. Sabbatum Review. 1876. pp. 771ff.
71. ^ Hart, Kathleen (2004). Revolution and Women's Autobiography in Nineteenth-century France. Rodopi. p. 91.
72. ^ Lewis, Linda M. (2003). Germaine de Staël, George Sand, and the Victorian Adult female Artist. University of Missouri Press. p. 48.
73. ^ Eisler, Benita (8 June 2018). "'George Sand' Review: Monstre Sacré". WSJ . Retrieved half dozen November 2018.
74. ^ Thomson, Patricia (July 1972). "George Sand and English language Reviewers: The First Twenty Years". Mod Language Review. 67 (3): 501–516. doi:10.2307/3726119. JSTOR 3726119.
75. ^ Forsas-Scott, Helena (1997). Swedish Women's Writing 1850-1995. London: The Athlone Printing. p. 63. ISBN0485910039.
76. ^ Nikolajeva, María, ed. (1995). Aspects and Problems in the History of Children'southward Literature. Greenwood. ISBN978-0-313-29614-seven.
77. ^ •Lyons, Martyn. 2011. Books: a living history. Los Angeles: J. Paul Getty Museum.
78. ^ Sullivan, Patrick (1 Jan 2002). ""Reception Moments," Modern Literary Theory, and the Educational activity of Literature". Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy. 45 (7): 568–577. JSTOR 40012241.
79. ^ Matthew Schneider-Mayerson, "Pop Fiction Studies: The Advantages of a New Field". Studies in Popular Culture, Vol. 33, No. 1 (Fall 2010), pp. 21-iii
80. ^ Boyd, William. "A short history of the brusque story". Retrieved 17 Apr 2018.
81. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Literature". nobelprize.org.
82. ^ John Sutherland (13 October 2007). "Ink and Spit". Guardian Unlimited Books. The Guardian. Retrieved 13 October 2007.
83. ^ Oebel, Guido (2001). So-called "Culling FLL-Approaches". Norderstedt: GRIN Verlag. ISBN9783640187799.
84. ^ Makin, Michael; Kelly, Catriona; Shepher, David; de Rambures, Dominique (1989). Discontinuous Discourses in Modernistic Russian Literature. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 122. ISBN9781349198511.
85. ^ Cullingford, Cedric (1998). Children's Literature and its Effects. London: A&C Black. p. 5. ISBN0304700924.
86. ^ Hogan 2011, p. ten.
87. ^ Hogan 2011, p. 11.
88. ^ Damon, William; Lerner, Richard; Renninger, Ann; Sigel, Irving (2006). Handbook of Child Psychology, Child Psychology in Practice. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. p. 90. ISBN0471272876.
89. ^ Paris 1986, p. 61.
90. ^ Paris 1986, p. 25.
91. ^ Nezami, S.R.A. (Feb 2012). "The use of figures of speech every bit a literary device—a specific mode of expression in English literature". Language in India. 12 (two): 659–. ^{[ dead link ]}
92. ^ Riches, John (3 January 2022) [2000]. "The Bible in high and popular culture". The Bible: a Very Short Introduction. Volume 14 in Very Curt Introductions Series (2 ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Printing (published 2021). p. 115. ISBN9780198863335 . Retrieved 23 February 2022. In its various translations, [the Bible] has had a determinative influence on the language, the literature, the art, the music of all the major European and N American cultures. It continues to influence popular culture in films, novels, and music.
93. ^ "Islamic arts - Islamic literatures". Encyclopedia Britannica.
94. ^ Riches, John (2000). The Bible: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 134. ISBN978-0-19-285343-i.
95. ^ "Hinduism - Vernacular literatures". Encyclopedia Britannica.
96. ^ "When the King Saved God". Vanity Off-white. 2011. Retrieved x Baronial 2017.
97. ^ "Why I want all our children to read the King James Bible". The Guardian. 20 May 2012. Retrieved 10 August 2017.
98. ^ ^{a b} "poetry, n." Oxford English language Dictionary. OUP. Retrieved 13 February 2014. (subscription required)
99. ^ ^{a b} Preminger 1993, p. 938.
100. ^ ^{a b} Preminger 1993, p. 939.
101. ^ Preminger 1993, p. 981.
102. ^ Preminger 1993, p. 979.
103. ^ Lipsky, Abram (1908). "Rhythm in Prose". The Sewanee Review. sixteen (iii): 277–289. JSTOR 27530906. (subscription required)
104. ^ Ross, "The Emergence of 'Literature': Making and Reading the English language Canon in the Eighteenth Century", 398
105. ^ Finnegan, Ruth H. (1977). Oral poesy: its nature, significance, and social context. Indiana University Press. p. 66.
106. ^ Magoun, Jr., Francis P. (1953). "Oral-Formulaic Character of Anglo-Saxon Narrative Poesy". Speculum. 28 (3): 446–467. doi:10.2307/2847021. JSTOR 2847021. S2CID 162903356. (subscription required)
107. ^ Alison Booth; Kelly J. Mays. "Glossary: P". LitWeb, the Norton Introduction to Literature Studyspace. Archived from the original on 18 March 2011. Retrieved 15 Feb 2014.
108. ^ Eliot T.South. 'Poetry & Prose: The Chapbook. Poetry Bookshop: London, 1921.
109. ^ For discussion of the basic chiselled issues see The New Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993), s.v. 'Narrative Poesy'.
110. ^ Graff, Richard (2005). "Prose versus Verse in Early Greek Theories of Style". Rhetorica. 23 (4): 303–335. doi:ten.1525/rh.2005.23.4.303. JSTOR 10.1525/rh.2005.23.iv.303. (subscription required)
111. ^ "Literature", Encyclopaedia Britannica. online
112. ^ Sommerville, C. J. (1996). The News Revolution in England: Cultural Dynamics of Daily Data. Oxford: OUP. p. 18.
113. ^ "Essay on Romance", Prose Works volume vi, p. 129, quoted in "Introduction" to Walter Scott's Quentin Durward, ed. Susan Maning. Oxford: Oxford Academy Press, 1992, p. xxv. Romance should not be confused with Harlequin Romance.
114. ^ Doody (1996), p. xv.
115. ^ ^{a b} "The Novel". A Guide to the Study of Literature: A Companion Text for Cadre Studies 6, Landmarks of Literature. Brooklyn College. Retrieved 22 February 2014.
116. ^ Goody 2006, p. xix.
117. ^ Goody 2006, p. 20.
118. ^ Goody 2006, p. 29.
119. ^ Franco Moretti, ed. (2006). "The Novel in Search of Itself: A Historical Morphology". The Novel, Volume 2: Forms and Themes. Princeton: Princeton Up. p. 31. ISBN978-0-691-04948-9.
120. ^ Antrim, Taylor (2010). "In Praise of Short". The Daily Beast . Retrieved xv February 2014.
121. ^ "What's the definition of a "novella," "novelette," etc.?". Scientific discipline Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America. Archived from the original on nineteen March 2009.
122. ^ Boyd, William. "A short history of the short story". Prospect Magazine. Retrieved viii March 2014.
123. ^ Colibaba, Ştefan (2010). "The Nature of the Short Story: Attempts at Definition" (PDF). Synergy. half-dozen (2): 220–230. Retrieved 6 March 2014.
124. ^ Susan B. Neuman; Linda B. Gambrell, eds. (2013). Quality Reading Instruction in the Age of Common Core Standards. International Reading Clan. p. 46. ISBN9780872074965.
125. ^ J. A. Cuddon, Penguin Dictionary of Literary Terms and Literary Theory,p. 472.
126. ^ Elam, Kier (1980). The Semiotics of Theatre and Drama . London and New York: Methuen. p. 98. ISBN978-0-416-72060-0.
127. ^ Cody, Gabrielle H. (2007). The Columbia Encyclopedia of Modern Drama (Book ane ed.). New York City: Columbia University Press. p. 271.
128. ^ "Definition of copyright". Oxford Dictionaries. Retrieved 20 Dec 2018.
129. ^ "Definition of Copyright". Merriam-Webster . Retrieved 20 December 2018.
130. ^ Nimmer on Copyright, vol. 2, § 8.01.
131. ^ "Intellectual holding", Blackness'due south Constabulary Dictionary, 10th ed. (2014).
132. ^ "Understanding Copyright and Related Rights" (PDF). www.wipo.int. p. four. Retrieved 6 December 2018.
133. ^ Stim, Rich (27 March 2013). "Copyright Basics FAQ". The Center for Net and Gild Fair Use Projection. Stanford University. Retrieved 21 July 2019.
134. ^ Daniel A. Tysver. "Works Unprotected by Copyright Law". Bitlaw.
135. ^ Lee A. Hollaar. "Legal Protection of Digital Data". p.Affiliate i: An Overview of Copyright, Section Two.E. Ideas Versus Expression.
136. ^ The Statute of Anne 1710 and the Literary Copyright Act 1842 used the term "book". Withal, since 1911 the statutes have referred to literary works.
137. ^ "Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988". legislation.gov.uk . Retrieved 11 Oct 2021.
138. ^ "University of London Press v. University Tutorial Press" [1916]
139. ^ Agency for Cultural Affairs. 環太平洋パートナーシップ協定の法律） (PDF) (in Japanese). Agency for Cultural Affairs. Retrieved 4 January 2019.
140. ^ J. A, Cuddon, "Censorship", The Penguin Dictionary of Literary Terms and Literary Theory (1977), (revised by C. E. Preston. Penguin Books, 1998, pp. 118-22.
141. ^ "About Banned & Challenged Books". ala.org. 25 October 2016.
142. ^ Nabokov, pp. 55, 57
143. ^ Ulysses has been called "the most prominent landmark in modernist literature", a piece of work where life'south complexities are depicted with "unprecedented, and unequalled, linguistic and stylistic virtuosity". The New York Times guide to essential knowledge, 3d ed. (2011), p. 126.
144. ^ John Stock; Kealey Rigden (fifteen October 2013). "Man Booker 2013: Top 25 literary prizes". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on xv October 2013. Retrieved eight March 2014.
145. ^ "Facts on the Nobel Prize in Literature". Nobelprize.org. Nobel Media AB. Retrieved 8 March 2014.

Bibliography [edit]

• A.R. Biswas (2005). Critique of Poetics (vol. 2). Atlantic Publishers & Dist. ISBN978-81-269-0377-ane.
• Jeremy Black; Graham Cunningham; Eleanor Robson, eds. (2006). The literature of ancient Sumer. Oxford: OUP. ISBN978-0-xix-929633-0.
• Cain, William E.; Finke, Laurie A.; Johnson, Barbara Eastward.; McGowan, John; Williams, Jeffrey J. (2001). Vincent B. Leitch (ed.). The Norton Anthology of Theory and Criticism . Norton. ISBN978-0-393-97429-4.
• Eagleton, Terry (2008). Literary Theory: An Introduction (Anniversary, 2d ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN978-ane-4051-7921-8.
• Flood, Gavin (1996). An Introduction to Hinduism . Cambridge University Press. ISBN978-0-521-43878-0.
• Hogan, P. Colm (2011). What Literature Teaches Us about Emotion. New York: Cambridge University Press.
• Foster, John Lawrence (2001), Aboriginal Egyptian Literature: An Anthology, Austin: Academy of Texas Press, p. xx, ISBN978-0-292-72527-0
• Giraldi, William (2008). "The Novella's Long Life" (PDF). The Southern Review: 793–801. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 15 February 2014.
• Goody, Jack (2006). "From Oral to Written: An Anthropological Breakthrough in Storytelling". In Franco Moretti (ed.). The Novel, Volume 1: History, Geography, and Culture. Princeton: Princeton UP. p. 18. ISBN978-0-691-04947-two.
• Paris, B.J. (1986). 3rd Forcefulness Psychology and the Study of Literature. Cranbury: Associated University Press.
• Preminger, Alex; et al. (1993). The New Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics . US: Princeton University Press. ISBN978-0-691-02123-ii.
• Ross, Trevor (1996). "The Emergence of "Literature": Making and Reading the English Canon in the Eighteenth Century."" (PDF). ELH. 63 (2): 397–422. doi:10.1353/elh.1996.0019. S2CID 170813833. Retrieved 9 February 2014.

Further reading [edit]

• Bonheim, Helmut (1982). The Narrative Modes: Techniques of the Short Story. Cambridge: Brewer. An overview of several hundred brusk stories.
• Gillespie, Gerald (Jan 1967). "Novella, nouvelle, novella, curt novel? — A review of terms". Neophilologus. 51 (one): 117–127. doi:ten.1007/BF01511303. S2CID 162102536.
• Wheeler, 50. Kip. "Periods of Literary History" (PDF). Carson-Newman University. Retrieved 18 March 2014. Brief summary of major periods in literary history of the Western tradition.

External links [edit]

• Projection Gutenberg Online Library
• Internet Book List similar to IMDb but for books
• Net Archive Digital eBook Collection

rodgersagard2002.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literature

Share this post